![]() Usually, recent episodes are lost first, but sufferers still remember episodes from their young adulthood and youth. Episodic memory is the next to go, as sufferers begin to forget autobiographical events. STM (which rehearses information) is the first type of memory to go. The most common symptom of dementia is difficulty to make new memories. Your memory of relationships and meanings is not changed by being used and it can be quite separate from episodes. Semantic memory doesn’t seem to work like this. For example, when people recall and event, it gets re-encoded into LTM and may get altered as a result. For example, you might remember how to spell “receipt” by applying the rule “’ i’ before ‘ e’ except after ‘ c’.”Įpisodic memory seems to be changed by being used. Instead, it seems to work by using rules. Semantic memory doesn’t seem to be organised this way. Godden & Baddeley (1974)tested this and found that divers who learned words underwater recalled them better underwater than back on dry land. This means that episodic memory can be “jogged” by context cues – things that remind you of when/where the original memory was encoded. This is why people can normally answer the question “When did that happen?” or “Where were you with that happened?” Even if they cannot give exact dates or places, they can reply, “Before the summer holidays,” or “At my old school.” ![]() This means that when a memory is stored details of time and space (when and where) are stored with it. Tulving argues that episodic memory is encoded based on how it was experienced (the encoding specificity principle). Tulving gives examples like knowing that summers are hot in Kathmandu and knowing that July is the month after June. Semantic memory is needed for language because words have meaning – learning words in the first place involves episodic memory but once they are learned they go into the semantic store. It includes the memory that you have brothers or sisters, where things are located and what they do. Semantic memory is the memory of relationships and how things fit together.Tulving gives examples like remembering he has an appointment with a student the next day or recalling words from a list studied earlier as well as autobiographical memories (remembering details from your own past). It includes memories of things that have happened to you and information like a person’s address.Įpisodic memories seem to be perceptually encoded – they are linked to the 5 senses which is why they can be triggered (“ cued”) by a sight or a sound or a smell. Episodic memoryis the memory of particular events and specific information: events, names and dates.Tulving splits declarative memory into two sub-types: It shows the importance of neuroscience which combines the Cognitive and Biological approaches, because functions of Semantic LTM have been located in parts of the brain (eg the Contemporary Study by Schmolck et al.).It ties in to your Key Question in Cognitive Psychology, since it helps explain Alzheimer’s.It illustrates features of the Cognitive Approach, since it expresses the processes of memory as a diagram or flowchart, which resembles the sort of information processing used by a computer. ![]() It also ties in with Baddeley’s research into semantic encoding in LTM and the case studies of H.M. It shows how scientific research proceeds, because Tulving’s distinction is an advance on the Multi Store Model. ![]() This theory is significant for students in other ways: It is based on the Multi-Store Modelidea of LTM, but it suggests there is a difference between episodic memory (eg remembering a family holiday in Disneyland) and more general memory (eg knowing that Disneyland is in Florida). This theory was proposed by Endel Tulving, one of the leading figures in memory research.
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